Note:Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations.
Aberdeen,124,135
abolitionism,10,31,100,113
absolutism,9,10,31,91,160,170-71,208,236,258,264
Academy of Science(Paris),219
Accademia dei Pugni(Academy of Fists),224
Acta eruditorum(journal),206
Adams,John,254
Adams,Samuel,254-55
Adanson,Michel,74
Africa,European discoveries in,13
Africans,20,22,72-73
agriculture,149,153,215,218,231-32
Aikenhead,Thomas,127-29,131
Alembert,Jean le Rond d’,Encyclopèdie,91
Alien and Sedition Acts,255
almanacs,13,35-42,57
Alvarez de Toledo,Ferdinand,12
American Revolution,186,201,220-21,237-38,245,252,253,255-56,261,264
Americas,European discoveries in,10-11
Amerindians,10-11
Amsterdam,18,20,26,94,233
Anacreon,248
Anderson,John,76-77
Anglicans,49,53-59. See also Church of England;episcopalians
Anglo-philia,100-101
anthropology,194
anti-Jacobins,236,242,247-49
anti-Semitism,112,181-82,191
anti-Trinitarianism,80,101,127,162
Aquinas,Thomas,102,206
architecture,68,69
Ardinghelli,Mariangiola,219
Aretino,Pietro,105
Argens,Marquis d’,104
Arianism,101-2
Aristotle,129,160,204,206-7
Armenians,30
Arpe,Peter Friedrich,163,165-66
Arthur,Archibald,246
artisans,244-45
associational life,26-27,156,175. See also freemasonry
astrology,3,36,57
atheism:atomism linked to,204-5;criticisms of,115;Godwin and,239;Lessing and,185,190-91;physicotheology vs.,7;popularity of,32,108;in Scotland,129-31;Smith and,143;stigma of,165,169-70,190-91,259;and time,37;Toland and,131
atlases,27-28
atomism,29,31,45,204-6
Australia,28-29
Austria,27,158,173-78
authority,challenges to,8-10,12-13,19,21-23,32,76,79-81,90,96-97,106-7,111,112,127,166,184,265
Azdarar(Monitor)(newspaper),30
Bacon,Francis,7,151
La Bagatelle(magazine),80
Bahrdt,Carl Friedrich,203
Balber,Christopher,165
Bancroft,Edward,253
Barruel,Augustin,155
Bassi,Laura,219
Baxter,Andrew,131
Bayle,Pierre,67,91-92,94,100-101;Dictionnaire historique et critique,91-92,164,241
Beccaria,Cesare,209,210,218,224-32;On Crimes and Punishments(Dei delitti e delle pene),225-26,232,258
Beddoes,Thomas,247
Bekker,Balthazar,40,64,79
Benedict ⅩⅣ,Pope,208
Benezet,Anthony,93,144,197
Bentley,Richard,45,205,207
Bentley,Thomas,253
Bernard,Jacques,91
Bernard,Jean Frederic,91-96,101,110;Réflexions morales,satiriques et comiques sur les moeurs de notre siècle,94-95;Religious Ceremonies of the World,5,13,14,31,95
Beverland,Adrian,64
Bible,27,32,35,64
La Bien Aimée,261
Black,Joseph,150-54
Blake,William,245
Blue Atlas,27
Boccaccio,Giovanni,105
Bolingbroke,Henry St.John,Viscount,106,110
The Book of the Three Impostors,162-63. See also Le Traité des trois imposteurs(The Treatise on the Three Impostors)
books and publishing:Bernard and,94;in cities,15,20-22;Dodsley and,72;in Dutch Republic,11-12,21,25,91-94,261;forbidden,25-26,28,30,87,90,105-13,124;in France,21-22,91-94,105-13;growth of public-oriented,172-73;journals,172-73;private libraries,27,64-65,182;in Venice,209. See also censorship;pornography
Boyle,Robert,7,130,151,205
Briefe,die neueste Literatur betreffend(Letters concerning the most recent Literature),172
Browne,Thomas,64
Bruno,Giordano,103,105
Brunswick,Duke of,182,184
Brussels,233
Bry,Theodore de,depiction of cannibalism,11,11
Buddhism,13
Buffon,Georges Louis Leclerc,Count de,42-43
Burke,Edmund,72,156,188,240,246;Reflections on the Revolution in France,237-38
Burnet,Gilbert,64
Byron,George Gordon,Lord,248,249
cabarets,19
cafés,15,19-20
Il Caffè(journal),231
Calas,Jean,173
calendars,37-38,56,59
Calvin,John,141
Calvinism,125,143,158,160
cannibalism,11,12,12
capital punishment,229-30,232
Carolina,Queen of Naples,219,222,258,260
Casanova,Giacomo,261
Cassirer,Ernst,5
Catholic Church:in Austria and southern Germany,158;books forbidden by,87,106-7,113,209,223;Counter-Reformation in,204;Rousseau and,117;suspicions of freemasonry,23,121,177;and time/temporality,35-36,290n53,293n90. See also papacy
Catholic Enlightenment,178
censorship,25-26,30,89-90,92,158,177,184,208,298n1. See also forbidden books
Charles Ⅱ,41
Charles of Bourbon,King of Naples,213-14,217,220
Châtelet,Madame du,102,159
Chesterfield,Lord,70
China,European discoveries in,13
Christianity:freemasons and,23;science and,7;and spatial discoveries,6-7;and time/temporality,34-37. See also Catholic Church;Protestants/Protestantism
Church of England,7,53,101. See also Anglicans
church-state separation,161
cities:as context for Enlightenment ideas,3,10,20,89,124,207;spaces of,15-31
civil society,15,18,26,108,133-34,264
Clarke,Samuel,7,32,45,102,116,131,206,207
classical civilization. See Greek and Roman culture
Cleghorn,Robert,246
Cleland,John,Fanny Hill,104,107
climate,98,100,138,200
clocks,46-47,54-55
clubs,19
Code Noir,90
Coleridge,Samuel Taylor,3,76,238,240,243,247,248,249
Collins,Anthony,92,107-8
commerce and industry,73,77,139-40,146-50
Comte,Auguste,105
Condorcet,Marquis de,236
Confucius,27
constitutionalism,221
Conti,Antonio,207
convulsionnaires,24-25
Copernican system,13,206
corresponding societies,244-45
cosmopolitanism,107-8,197,201-2
Counter-Reformation,204
court life,26-27
Craÿenshot,J.A.,261
creation,of the world,34,42
Crell,Johann,64
Cromwell,Oliver,122
Cullen,William,144,150,153-54
Dampier,William,74
Darwin,Charles,43,44,105
Darwin,Erasmus,43,44,247
Davy,Humphry,246
Dawson,Major,253
Day,Thomas,253
death penalty,229-30,232
De Benedictis,Giovan,205
Declaration of Independence(United States),234,249
Declaration of the Rights of Man(France),260
deism:Dodsley and,72;Lessing and,184-85;opposition to,21;Pezzl and,176;physico-theology vs.,7;Reimarus father/daughter and,183;Rousseau and,116;in Scotland,129,130;Smith and,143;in United States,253;Voltaire and,103,111
de la Vega,Garciliaso,27
democracy,76,81,85,116,119-20,203,221,236,249-50,255,264
d’Épinay,Louise,217
Derrida,Jacques,201
Desaguliers,John Theophilus,152
Descartes,René,48,97,105,115,129,159,167,204-5,207
Des Périers,Bonaventure,Cymbalum Mundi,165
Dewey,John,10
D’Holbach,Paul-Henri Thiry,Baron,103,128,217,230,236;The System of Nature,108-10
diaries,55
Dickenson,Samuel,72-75
Diderot,Denis,10,45,100,103,179-80,217-18,244;Encyclopèdie,91,102,146,217
discovery:of novel human behaviors,6,10-13,28-29,193-94;as outgrowth of imperialism,10-13,82;secular Enlightenment made possible by,6-7;temporality and age of the world influenced by,42-44
Dissenters,234,238-39,245
divine right,10
division of labor,146-47
Dodsley,Robert,70,72
Drennan,William,238,249
Duillier,Fatio de,24
DuLaurens,Henri,La Chandelle d’Arras,107
Dunoyer,Anne-Marguerite,91,93
Durand,David,165-66
Dutch East India Company,261
Dutch Reformed Church,47-48,80
Dutch Republic:almanacs in,36,41-42;astrology in,3;creation of,34;francophone character of,89,91;freethinking in,24;imperialism of,81-82;literature in,18;politics in,8,78,81;publishing and book trade in,11-12,21,25,91-94,112,261;responses in,to revolution,261-62;secular vs. religious sentiments in,5,80-81;sociability in,26;temporality in,46-48
Dyer,George,238-40,243
earth,age of,34,42-44,48,154,247
Eastern Europe,29-30
Edgeworth,Maria,75
Edgeworth,Richard Lovell,75
Edinburgh,75-76,124-26,134-55. See also University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh Society,137
Effen,Justus van,80
Emmet,Robert,247,250
England:almanacs in,41;divinenature relationship in,3;responses in,to revolution,237-45;sociability in,26;temporality in,46,48-52. See also Glorious Revolution
enlightened absolutism,258
Enlightenment:Catholic,178;French,89-123;German,157-74,178-203;High,103,178-203;Industrial,77;Italian,204-32,260;Jewish,189;legacies of,263;Milanese,224;moderate,67-70,126,132-34;Scottish,77,124-56,250-51;secular spirit of,1-5,66-88;in 1790s,233-62;Viennese,173-78
enthusiasm,religious,24-25,69,101,132-33,156
Epictetus,243-44
episcopalians,125-28. See also Anglicans
equality/inequality,100,137,142-43,174,186-87,221-22,227-28,250
Eugene of Savoy,27,29
Europe,imperialism of,9-12
Evelyn,John,52-53,57
Evelyn,Mary,53-54
evolution,43-44
Federalists,255
Ferdinand Ⅳ,King of Naples,218,220,222
Ferguson,Adam,130,142-43;The Morality of Stage Plays,134
Filangieri,Gaetano,219-23,264;La scienza della legislazione,215,219-20
Filangieri,Serafino,215
forbidden books,25-26,28,30,87,90,105-13,124. See also censorship
Forster,J.R.,253
fossils,42-44
France,89-123;almanacs in,36,41;censorship in,89-90,298n1;as context for Enlightenment ideas,90-91;exile of Protestants from,47,92-93;freemasonry in,121-22;secular vs.religious sentiments in,4-5,24-25;sociability in,22-23;temporality in,37-38,47;universities in,102. See also French Revolution
Francis Ⅱ,Emperor of Austria,259
Francke,August,168,170
Franklin,Benjamin,15,87,122,221,232,252-53,263,264
Frederick Ⅲ,Elector of Brandenburg,168
Frederick the Great,King of Prussia,31,174,180
Frederick William Ⅰ,King of Prussia,169-70
freedom,98-99,139,196
freemasonry:in Austria,175-77;ceremonies of,4;cosmopolitanism of,23,84-85,122-23;in Dutch Republic,26,262;in France,22-23,105,121-23;Franklin and,252-53;and French Revolution,155;in Germany,174,174;and governance,185-87,221;Herder and,84-85,187;influence of,in United States,252-54;in Italy,219,221-22;and Knights Templar,181;Lessing and,84-85,185-87;in Scotland,137;sociability in,23-24,84-85,122-23;spread of,22-23,82,121;suspicions of,22-23,121-22,176-77
freethinking,20,24,78-79,92,166-67,180
free will,169-70
French prophets,24
French Revolution,37-38,76,84,86-87,113,118,121,154-56,171,177,187,201,220,233-34,236-38,240-42,244-46,248,251-52,256-58,260,261
Fréret,Nicolas,Lettre de Thrasybule à Leucippe,110-11
Furly,Benjamin,164
Gaime,Jean-Claude,117
Galiani,Celestino,206-7,214-15
Galiani,Ferdinando,216-19;Della Moneta(On Money),216-17;Dialogues on the Grain Trade,218
Galileo Galilei,32,190,206
Galoche,Antoine,21
Gassendi,Pierre,205
Gay,Peter,5,68
Genovesi,Antonio,214-15,218,223,227
geology,154
German Idealism,202
Germany,157-74,178-203;Catholic Church in,158;as context for Enlightenment ideas,159;divinenature relationship in,3;High Enlightenment in,178-203;Protestantism in,158;public sphere in,171-73;publishing in,11;responses in,to revolution,256-60;secular vs.religious sentiments in,4;sociability in,26;territories of,157-58;universities in,26,159-60,169-70
Giannone,Pietro,208-9,211,223
Glasgow,75-77,124,126,135,147. See also University of Glasgow
Glorious Revolution,63,125,127,254
God:Australians’ beliefs about,29;characteristics of,71;existence of,108,140-41,190;as Grand Architect,7,122;Hume on,140-41;Leibniz on,159;nature in relation to,3,32,92,103,131;Rousseau and,116;and space,32
Godwin,William,238-40;Enquiry Concerning Political Justice,238-39
Goethe,Johann Wolfgang von,178,182,191,256,257;The Sorrows of Young Werther,82
Goeze,Johann Melchior,171,184
Gottsched,Johann,67
Gottsched,Luise,67
Grand Lodge of the Constitutional Whigs,254
gravity,13
Greek and Roman culture,6-7,68-69,83,142
Gregory,David,129,130,207
Grimm,Friedrich Melchior,217-18,244
Grotius,Hugo,8,120
Gueudeville,Nicolas,91
habeas corpus,245
Hales,Steven,219
Haller,Albrecht von,67
Hamann,Johann,202
Hamilton,Janet,128
Haren,Onno Zwier van,Agon,Sultan van Bantam,261
Hartley,David,253
haskalah(Jewish Enlightenment),189
Haydn,Joseph,174
Hays,Mary,238,243
Hegel,Georg,178,197
Helvétius,Claude Adrien,45,67,103,122,217,243,244
Hennepin,Louis,27
Henry Ⅷ,King of England,223
Herder,Johann Gottfried von,3,10,26,82-87,166,178,185,187-88,191,192-99,263;God,Some Conversations,198;Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind,199
heresy,79-80,90,99-100,117,128,132,166,183
High Enlightenment,103,178-203
Histoire du Prince Apprius,28
history:Herder’s conception of,195-97;stadial models of,74,77,139,141-42,145,151,153,200
Hobbes,Thomas,7,10,39-40,45,64,105,119,143,144,162,167,189,207,209,226,261
Hogarth,William,Gin Lane,15,17
Holy Roman Empire,158
Holy Shroud of Christ,208
homosexuality,19,20,28,99,117,240,246,248-49
Horne,George,141
Houdon,Jean-Antoine,86
Huguenots,47,92-93,100-101,105
human nature,98,110,115,144,161
Humbert,Pierre,94
Hume,David,100,128,130,131,133-34,136-41,144-45,154,156,200,251;Dialogues concerning Natural Religion,140-41;“An Historical Essay on Chivalry and Modern Honour,”136-37
Hutcheson,Francis,143-45
Hutchinson,John,143
Hutton,James,150,154
Huygens,Christiaan,46,47
Huygens,Constantijn,46
Huygens,Constantijn,Jr.,47,63-65,78
Huygens,Tiens,65
idealism,197,202
Illuminati,155,176,256-57
imperialism,9-12,100,196-97,202,221
Index of Forbidden Books(Catholic Church),87,106-7,113,209,223
industry. See commerce and industry
inequality. See equality/inequality
Inquisition,18,30,89,106,117,204-7,209,211,223
Ireland,26,201,247,249-50
Italy,204-32
Jackson,Thomas,246
Jacobi,Friedrich,183,190-91
Jacobins,156,220,245,246,259-60. See also anti-Jacobins
Jacobites,23,127,128-30,156
James Ⅵ,King of Scotland,125
Jansen,Sue Curry,298n1
Jansenism,24-25,90-91,293n90
Jardine,George,246
Jefferson,Thomas,10,32,122,123,154,232,235-36,235,243-44,251,253,255-56,263
Jesuits,102-3,204-5,218
Jesus,19,21,69,88,92,116,127,131,163
Jews,112,181-82,188-89,191
Joan of Arc,111
Johnson,Samuel,72
Joseph Ⅱ,Emperor of Austria,27,173-76,189,224,258-59
Journal für Freymaurer,174
Kames,Henry Home,Lord,153-54
Kant,Immanuel,10,26,51,83,167,171,178,192,193,198-202,251;Critique of Pure Reason,202;Idea for a Universal History with Cosmopolitan Intent,201;Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime,200;“What is the Enlightenment?,”201
Kaunitz,Wenzel,Prince,224,231,258
Keill,John,129
Knights Templar,181,186
Kotzebue,Augustus von,242
Kracauer,Siegfried,289n42
Labat,Jean Baptiste,27
labor,productivity of,146-48
Lafitau,Joseph,27
Lange,Joachim,170
language,194
La-Roque,Jean,27
Lavoisier,Antoine,151
law,226,232
Leibniz,Gottfried Wilhelm,32,102,104,159,167,169,171-72,188,192,197,202,206
Leon,Gottlieb von,175
Leopold Ⅱ,Emperor of Austria,259
Lessing,Gotthold Ephraim,26,171,172,173,178-88,190-91,194,197,263;Emilia Galotti,180;Ernst und Falk,84-85,185-87;Die Juden,181;Leibniz on Eternal Punishments,182;Miss Sara Sampson,179-80;Nathan der Weise,181-82,184
Levier,Charles,92
literacy,29-30,173
Lithuania,30
Locke John,7,30,32,34,119,159,161,162,167,202,215,261,264;Essay Concerning Human Understanding,90
Lodge of the Nine Sisters,87,252
London,15,17,20
London Corresponding Society,236
Louis ⅩⅣ,King of France,24,45,47,90,91,93
Louis ⅩⅤ,King of France,22
Luther,Martin,184
Lutheranism,158-60,169,171,178
MacDonald clan,127
Machiavelli,Niccolò,20,105
Maclaurin,Colin,129
Maillet,Benoît de,43;Telliamed,70
Malthus,Thomas,146
Marat,Jean Paul,261
Marchand,Prosper,91,92,164-65
Maria Theresa,Queen of Austria,173,224,226,258
Marie Antoinette,Queen of France,260
marriage,239,240
Marshall,John,5
Marx,Karl,105,178,197
masonic lodges. See freemasonry
materialism:in France,103-5,108-11,198;Herder and,194-95;Holbach and,108-10;and human nature,109-10;Marx and,197;Newtonian science and,103-5;opposition to,45,103-4;106,189,205-6;physicotheology vs.,7;Radicati and,212;Rousseau and,115-16;scientific theories based on,31;secularism associated with,44-45;in 1790s,243-44;and time,37,44-45;Toland and,103,109,116,131
mathematics,7,83,130,145,159,168-69
Maupertuis,Pierre-Louis Moreau de,104,188
medicine,130
Mendelssohn,Moses,168,172,178,180-83,188-91;To the Friends of Lessing,189-90;Jerusalem,188-89;Morning Hours,189
Mercier,Louis-Sebastien,113,115;Discours sur l’apocalipse l’an 2440,112-13
Methodism,69
Milan,157,223-32
Millar,John,246
millenarianism,24,35,43
Minerva(journal),257
Mirabeau,Honoré Gabriel Riqueti,comte de,186
miracles,111,184
Moderns,204-6
Moerloose,Isabella de,78-80,264
Mohammed,19,21,92,163
monarchies,9,10
Monatsgespräche(journal);160
money,10,147-48,216-17
Monro,John,130
Montesquieu,Charles-Louis de Secondat,Baron de la Brède,30,84,86,93,96-101,104,122,138,142,200,225,238,254;Persian Letters,96-97,211
Moore,Thomas,247-48,249
morality:Hutcheson on,144-45;materialist approach to,108-10;Newtonian science as model for,144-45;secular approach to;76
moral weeklies,172
Morellet,André,217-18
Morganwg,Iolo(Edward Williams),2-45
Moses,19,21,92,163,212
Mozart,Wolfgang Amadeus,174,175-78,214;The Magic Flute,177-78
Müller,Johann,163
Muratori,Antonio,27
Muratori,Ludovico,210-11,215-16,227
music,173-74
Nantes,edict of(1685),47
Naples,157,204-7,209,211,213-23,233,260
Napoleon Bonaparte,234,260
natural religion,71-72,111,113,115-16,125,253
nature:design in,140-41;God in relation to,3,32,92,103,131;Herder’s conception of,195-98;Rousseau and,118-19
Necker,Jacques,85
Necker,Suzanne(née Curchod),85-86,217
Nelson,Horatio,222,260
Newton,Isaac,and Newtonian prin-ciples,7,8,45;Dutch Republic and,81;Germany and,159,167,171,190,199;Italy and,206-7,214-16;and materialism,97,103-5,109,116,131;and mathematics,171;and moral philosophy,144-45;and optics,206;philosophes and,102,129;and religion,24,34-35,50-51;religious suspicions of,102-3,130;Scotland and,130-31,151;and space,15,24,32;and time,34-35,40,50-51,56-57;Voltaire and,101-2
Niccolini,Antonio,207
Nicolai,Friedrich,173,178
Nollet,Jean,219
Nouveau Voyage de la terre austral,28
The Oeconomy of Human Life(also known as Le Philosophe Indien)[Dodsley?],70-72
Oldenbarnevelt,Johan van,65
optics,206
original sin,125,161
Orleans,duc d’,93
Paine,Thomas,236,245,251,253;The Rights of Man,259
Palmer,Elihu,252
pantheism,21,103,131,190-92,194-95,198,212
papacy,23-25,96-101,177,208,211
Paris,19,21-22,24,90-91
Parlement of Paris,37
Parny,Évariste,86-88;War of the Gods(La Guerre des Dieux),87-88
Peale,Rembrandt,Thomas Jefferson,235
pendulum clocks,46
Penn,William,221
Pepys,Samuel,63
Pezzl,Johann,Faustin,175-76
Le Philosophe(anonymous),107-8
philosophes:Austria and,176;criticisms of,84,188;on equality,100;and freemasonry,122;and French Revolution,121,155;and Jews,112;origin of name,107-8;patronage of,26;principles of,134;and religion,110,166;and science,102;Scottish,143;secular theories of,31;urban habitat of,18
physico-theology,7,71,171,207
Picart,Bernard,31,91,95,101,164-65;depiction of sociability,16;depiction of torture,229;Religious Ceremonies of the World,s,13,14,95
Pietism,158,159,169
Pitcairne;Archibald,130,167
Plumptre,Anne,238,242,244
Poland,30,120
political economy,223-24,230-32
Political Economy Club,150
politics:active engagement in;107-8;in Dutch Republic,81;freema-sonry and,185-87;Montesquieu on,98-101;Rousseau and,119-21;Scottish Enlightenment and,132;secular approaches to,7-9,31,85;temporality transformed by,37
Pope,Alexander,188
pornography,21,28,65,104,111
poverty,68-69,245
predestination,51,125,143
presbyterianism,125-31,134,143,156
Price,Richard,237,253,255
price controls,224
Priestley,Joseph,155,194,235,238-39,243,253
progress,31,73,76-77,80,113,138-41,147,151,153,156
property,9,119
Protestant Reformation,34
Protestants/Protestantism:conducive to Enlightenment thought,52;exile of,from France,47,92-93;in Germany,158;in Scotland,126-28;and time/temporality,34-36,48-62
Proteus Echo(journal),18
public sphere,15,18,26,171-72,264
publishing. See books and publishing
Pufendorf,Samuel von,209
punctuality,60-63
punishment,99,225-30
Puritans,49,51,58
Quakerism,93,100,101
quietism,90,206
Rabelais,François,105
race and racism,100,139,200-202
Radicati di Passerano,Alberto;211-13;Christianity Set in a True Light,211-12;Dissertation upon Death,212;True Light,212
Ravel,Maurice,87
Raynal,Guillaume Thomas François,10,100
reason,161-62,188-90,194
Reid,Thomas,246
Reimarus,Elise,183-84,192
Reimarus,Hermann Samuel,25;“On the Toleration of the Deists,” 183-84
relativism,97
religion:challenges to authority of,8-9,11-12,19,21-23,32,79-81,90,96-97,106-7,111,112,127,166,184,265;Enlightenment in relation to,1-4;freemasonry and,122;Hume on,140-41;natural,71-72,111,113,115-16,125,253;relativism in,97;science and,7,24;secular approach to study of,5;the secular realm distinguished from,39-40;spatial discoveries’effect on,6,12-13;Voltaire on,101-2
Renaissance,105
republicanism,30
Restoration(England),52
revelation,161,184
Revolution(1688-89). See Glorious Revolution
revolutions,31,81,201,222,233,236,264. See also American Revolution;French Revolution
Rey,Marc Michel,92
Richardson,Samuel,Clarissa,179
Robertson,William,Reasons of Dissent,132
Robinson,Mary,238
Robison,John,153,155,257
Roche,Daniel,5
Roman civilization. See Greek and Roman culture
Romanticism,234,239
Rome,208
Rousseau,Jean-Jacques,10,31,68,90,92,113,114,115-21,188,197,217,225,227,230,243,254,264;Confessions,115,117;Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts,138;Emile,or Education,115-17;La Nouvelle Héloïse,82;and politics,113;The Social Contract,113,116-17,119,259
Rousset de Missy,Jean,81,91,92,164,264
Royal Academy of Sciences(Berlin),172
Royal Society of London,246
Rush,Benjamin,141,232
Russia,22-23,82
Ryder,Joseph,58-59
saints,35-38
Schiller,Friedrich,178,257
Schlegel,Johann,173
Schmidt,J.Lorenz,183
Scholasticism,160,205-6
science:Christianity and,7;Italian resistance to,204-6;and materialism,103-5;Newtonian,15,24,101-4,129-30,144-45,190,199,206-7,214-16;philosophes and,102;religion and,7,24;in Scotland,129-30
Scotland,124-56;as context for Enlightenment ideas,124-28;issues debated in,135-36,138;Protestantism in,126-29;religious vs. secular sentiments in,132-35;responses in,to revolution,245-47;temporality in,36;universities in,75,125,129-34,153. See also Glorious Revolution
Scottish Enlightenment,77,124-56,250-51
secularism:emergence of,39-42;Enlightenment expansion of,1-5;life according to,63-88;materialism associated with,44-45;meanings of,39
Select Society,129-32,135-38,141
the self:in revolutionary/reform periods,234;and time/temporality,50-58
sexuality,28-29,63,65,78-80,97,104,117-18,203,240,248. See also homosexuality
s’Gravesande,Willem Jacob,81,207
Sheridan,Richard Brinsley,School for Scandal,62
Simon,Richard,64
skepticism,140-42
slavery,9,31,72,76,87,90,93,100,113,144,196,221,232,240,245,251,255
Smith,Adam,74,103,126,128,129-31,133,143-50,152-54,156,239;The Wealth of Nations,126,147,148
Smith,Charlotte,238,240-41,244
sociability,15,16,18-20,19,22,26,188,264
socialists,227,239
Society for Belles Lettres,138
Society of 13,253
Socinians,101-2,162
Socinus,Faustus,64
Socrates,116
Solander,Daniel,253
songs,173-74
Sorbonne University,34
Southey,Robert,76,237,238,240,243,248
Southwell,Robert,54
space,6-32;above the earth,13,15;as empty,15,32;freemasons and,22-23;God and,32;Herder’s conception of,195-96;imperialism and,9-12;politics and,7-9;travel and,27-29;urban,15-31
Spain,10-11,82
The Spectator(journal),17,80,85,172
Spinelli family,213
Spinoza,Baruch,3,8,64,71,79-81,91,103-4,162,166,167,169,180,183,185,189-92,194,197-98,207,209,261
stadial models of history,74,77,139,141-42,145,151,153,200
Staël,Germaine de,85
Stamp Act crisis,254
the state:economic role of,148-49;political role of,9,84-85,119-20,186-89,199-200;religion in relation to,161
steam engine,33,75,147,150-52
Stockdorff(widow),26,106-13,178
Stuart,James,253
suicide,212
superstition,73,99,112,113,140,150,151,158,166,172,176,186,244
Symbolum sapientiae(Symbol of Wisdom)[anonymous],166-67
Tanucci,Bernardo,219
Tavernier,Jean Baptiste,27
Taylor,Jeremy,58
technology,of time,45-48,54
the Terror,113,156,201,234,240,242
theater,173
theism,116,169,190-91
Thelwall,John,238,241,243
Thérèse philosophe(anonymous),104,107
Thirty Years War(1618-48),158
Thomasius,Christian,160-62,168
Thoresby,Ralph,54
time and temporality,33-65;as absolute,50-51,56-57,59;age of the earth,34,42-44,48,154,247;almanacs and,35-42,57;anxieties concerning,52-61;Christian,34-37;Herder’s conception of,195-96;materialism and,44-45;Protestants and,34-36,48-62;punctuality,60-63;religious vs. secular senses of,49-60;secularization of,37-38,41,43-44,49-52;self in relation to,50-58;seventeenth-century sense of,33-34;technology of,45-48,54;use of,43-44,53-61
Tindal,Matthew,184
Toland,John,27,31,45,79,92,109,116,127,130-31,163,184,189,207,212;Christianity not Mysterious,131;Letters to Serena,103
tolerance/toleration:in Austria,175;in England,127;freemasons and,23;French opposition to,90;science and,7;in Scotland,127-28,134
Tone,Theobald Wolfe,249-50
torture,226,228-29,229,258
Le Traité des trois imposteurs(The Treatise on the Three Impostors),21,92,105,163-66
travel and travel literature,10,27-29,72-74,82-83,142,193-94,217
Treaty of Westphalia(1648),158,160
Turin,208
Turner,Thomas,60
Unitarians,101-2,263-64
United Irishmen,247,249-50
United States:Constitution of,99,221;Enlightenment legacies in,264;imperialism of,9-12;responses in,to revolution,251-52;in 1790s,250-56;slavery in,221,251,255;temporality in,38-39. See also American Revolution
universities:in France,102;in Germany,26,159-60,169-70;in Italy,208,213-19;in Scotland,75,125,129-34,153
University of Edinburgh,129,131,151
University of Glasgow,126,143-44,245-46
University of Halle,168-69
University of Naples,213-15
utopianism,171,227,239
utopian literature,112-13
utopian travel literature,29
Vanini,Lucilio(pen name:Giulio Cesare Vanini),64,79,165-66
Vaughan,Benjamin,253
Venice,205,209-11
Venturi,Franco,5
Verri,Pietro,224-25,227,230-32
Victor Amadeus Ⅱ,King of Sicily and Sardinia,211
Vienna,173-78
Volney,236
Voltaire,21,26,31,38,43,72,86,101-3,106,110-12,122,150,173,190,236,264;Candide,175;Lettres philo-sophiques,101;La pucelle d’Orleans,111;Sermon des cinquante,111,112
Vries,Simon de,40
Wales,245
Warwick,Mary Rich,Lady,55-57
watches,46-47,54
Watt,Gregory,76,245-46,249
Watt,James,147,150-52,155,241
Watt,James,Jr.,241-42,246
wealth,149
Wedgwood,Josiah,241,253
Wedgwood,Josiah,Jr.,241-42
Weisse,Christian,Jean Calas,173
Whig party,125-26,128,130,132,143,156
Whitehead,Paul,The Manners,A Satire,72
Whitehurst,John,253
Wilkes,John,15
William Ⅲ(William the Orange),King of England and Scotland,64,65,125,127
Williams,David,253
Windham,William,60-61
Wolff,Christian,167-71,173,180,188
Wollstonecraft,Mary,240
women:in Dutch science,81;in Enlightenment circles,85-86,183,217,219;and freemasonry,122;journals intended for,172;Kant’s views on,201;Scottish Enlightenment and,136-38;secular lives of,85-86;status of,97-98,136-38,240
Wordsworth,William,76,238,240
worldliness,63-88
Wyndham,Henry Penruddocke,67-70,137
Yorke,Henry,244
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