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Note:Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations.

Aberdeen,124,135

abolitionism,10,31,100,113

absolutism,9,10,31,91,160,170-71,208,236,258,264

Academy of Science(Paris),219

Accademia dei Pugni(Academy of Fists),224

Acta eruditorum(journal),206

Adams,John,254

Adams,Samuel,254-55

Adanson,Michel,74

Africa,European discoveries in,13

Africans,20,22,72-73

agriculture,149,153,215,218,231-32

Aikenhead,Thomas,127-29,131

Alembert,Jean le Rond d’,Encyclopèdie,91

Alien and Sedition Acts,255

almanacs,13,35-42,57

Alvarez de Toledo,Ferdinand,12

American Revolution,186,201,220-21,237-38,245,252,253,255-56,261,264

Americas,European discoveries in,10-11

Amerindians,10-11

Amsterdam,18,20,26,94,233

Anacreon,248

Anderson,John,76-77

Anglicans,49,53-59. See also Church of England;episcopalians

Anglo-philia,100-101

anthropology,194

anti-Jacobins,236,242,247-49

anti-Semitism,112,181-82,191

anti-Trinitarianism,80,101,127,162

Aquinas,Thomas,102,206

architecture,68,69

Ardinghelli,Mariangiola,219

Aretino,Pietro,105

Argens,Marquis d’,104

Arianism,101-2

Aristotle,129,160,204,206-7

Armenians,30

Arpe,Peter Friedrich,163,165-66

Arthur,Archibald,246

artisans,244-45

associational life,26-27,156,175. See also freemasonry

astrology,3,36,57

atheism:atomism linked to,204-5;criticisms of,115;Godwin and,239;Lessing and,185,190-91;physicotheology vs.,7;popularity of,32,108;in Scotland,129-31;Smith and,143;stigma of,165,169-70,190-91,259;and time,37;Toland and,131

atlases,27-28

atomism,29,31,45,204-6

Australia,28-29

Austria,27,158,173-78

authority,challenges to,8-10,12-13,19,21-23,32,76,79-81,90,96-97,106-7,111,112,127,166,184,265

Azdarar(Monitor)(newspaper),30

Bacon,Francis,7,151

La Bagatelle(magazine),80

Bahrdt,Carl Friedrich,203

Balber,Christopher,165

Bancroft,Edward,253

Barruel,Augustin,155

Bassi,Laura,219

Baxter,Andrew,131

Bayle,Pierre,67,91-92,94,100-101;Dictionnaire historique et critique,91-92,164,241

Beccaria,Cesare,209,210,218,224-32;On Crimes and Punishments(Dei delitti e delle pene),225-26,232,258

Beddoes,Thomas,247

Bekker,Balthazar,40,64,79

Benedict ⅩⅣ,Pope,208

Benezet,Anthony,93,144,197

Bentley,Richard,45,205,207

Bentley,Thomas,253

Bernard,Jacques,91

Bernard,Jean Frederic,91-96,101,110;Réflexions morales,satiriques et comiques sur les moeurs de notre siècle,94-95;Religious Ceremonies of the World,5,13,14,31,95

Beverland,Adrian,64

Bible,27,32,35,64

La Bien Aimée,261

Black,Joseph,150-54

Blake,William,245

Blue Atlas,27

Boccaccio,Giovanni,105

Bolingbroke,Henry St.John,Viscount,106,110

The Book of the Three Impostors,162-63. See also Le Traité des trois imposteurs(The Treatise on the Three Impostors)

books and publishing:Bernard and,94;in cities,15,20-22;Dodsley and,72;in Dutch Republic,11-12,21,25,91-94,261;forbidden,25-26,28,30,87,90,105-13,124;in France,21-22,91-94,105-13;growth of public-oriented,172-73;journals,172-73;private libraries,27,64-65,182;in Venice,209. See also censorship;pornography

Boyle,Robert,7,130,151,205

Briefe,die neueste Literatur betreffend(Letters concerning the most recent Literature),172

Browne,Thomas,64

Bruno,Giordano,103,105

Brunswick,Duke of,182,184

Brussels,233

Bry,Theodore de,depiction of cannibalism,11,11

Buddhism,13

Buffon,Georges Louis Leclerc,Count de,42-43

Burke,Edmund,72,156,188,240,246;Reflections on the Revolution in France,237-38

Burnet,Gilbert,64

Byron,George Gordon,Lord,248,249

cabarets,19

cafés,15,19-20

Il Caffè(journal),231

Calas,Jean,173

calendars,37-38,56,59

Calvin,John,141

Calvinism,125,143,158,160

cannibalism,11,12,12

capital punishment,229-30,232

Carolina,Queen of Naples,219,222,258,260

Casanova,Giacomo,261

Cassirer,Ernst,5

Catholic Church:in Austria and southern Germany,158;books forbidden by,87,106-7,113,209,223;Counter-Reformation in,204;Rousseau and,117;suspicions of freemasonry,23,121,177;and time/temporality,35-36,290n53,293n90. See also papacy

Catholic Enlightenment,178

censorship,25-26,30,89-90,92,158,177,184,208,298n1. See also forbidden books

Charles Ⅱ,41

Charles of Bourbon,King of Naples,213-14,217,220

Châtelet,Madame du,102,159

Chesterfield,Lord,70

China,European discoveries in,13

Christianity:freemasons and,23;science and,7;and spatial discoveries,6-7;and time/temporality,34-37. See also Catholic Church;Protestants/Protestantism

Church of England,7,53,101. See also Anglicans

church-state separation,161

cities:as context for Enlightenment ideas,3,10,20,89,124,207;spaces of,15-31

civil society,15,18,26,108,133-34,264

Clarke,Samuel,7,32,45,102,116,131,206,207

classical civilization. See Greek and Roman culture

Cleghorn,Robert,246

Cleland,John,Fanny Hill,104,107

climate,98,100,138,200

clocks,46-47,54-55

clubs,19

Code Noir,90

Coleridge,Samuel Taylor,3,76,238,240,243,247,248,249

Collins,Anthony,92,107-8

commerce and industry,73,77,139-40,146-50

Comte,Auguste,105

Condorcet,Marquis de,236

Confucius,27

constitutionalism,221

Conti,Antonio,207

convulsionnaires,24-25

Copernican system,13,206

corresponding societies,244-45

cosmopolitanism,107-8,197,201-2

Counter-Reformation,204

court life,26-27

Craÿenshot,J.A.,261

creation,of the world,34,42

Crell,Johann,64

Cromwell,Oliver,122

Cullen,William,144,150,153-54

Dampier,William,74

Darwin,Charles,43,44,105

Darwin,Erasmus,43,44,247

Davy,Humphry,246

Dawson,Major,253

Day,Thomas,253

death penalty,229-30,232

De Benedictis,Giovan,205

Declaration of Independence(United States),234,249

Declaration of the Rights of Man(France),260

deism:Dodsley and,72;Lessing and,184-85;opposition to,21;Pezzl and,176;physico-theology vs.,7;Reimarus father/daughter and,183;Rousseau and,116;in Scotland,129,130;Smith and,143;in United States,253;Voltaire and,103,111

de la Vega,Garciliaso,27

democracy,76,81,85,116,119-20,203,221,236,249-50,255,264

d’Épinay,Louise,217

Derrida,Jacques,201

Desaguliers,John Theophilus,152

Descartes,René,48,97,105,115,129,159,167,204-5,207

Des Périers,Bonaventure,Cymbalum Mundi,165

Dewey,John,10

D’Holbach,Paul-Henri Thiry,Baron,103,128,217,230,236;The System of Nature,108-10

diaries,55

Dickenson,Samuel,72-75

Diderot,Denis,10,45,100,103,179-80,217-18,244;Encyclopèdie,91,102,146,217

discovery:of novel human behaviors,6,10-13,28-29,193-94;as outgrowth of imperialism,10-13,82;secular Enlightenment made possible by,6-7;temporality and age of the world influenced by,42-44

Dissenters,234,238-39,245

divine right,10

division of labor,146-47

Dodsley,Robert,70,72

Drennan,William,238,249

Duillier,Fatio de,24

DuLaurens,Henri,La Chandelle d’Arras,107

Dunoyer,Anne-Marguerite,91,93

Durand,David,165-66

Dutch East India Company,261

Dutch Reformed Church,47-48,80

Dutch Republic:almanacs in,36,41-42;astrology in,3;creation of,34;francophone character of,89,91;freethinking in,24;imperialism of,81-82;literature in,18;politics in,8,78,81;publishing and book trade in,11-12,21,25,91-94,112,261;responses in,to revolution,261-62;secular vs. religious sentiments in,5,80-81;sociability in,26;temporality in,46-48

Dyer,George,238-40,243

earth,age of,34,42-44,48,154,247

Eastern Europe,29-30

Edgeworth,Maria,75

Edgeworth,Richard Lovell,75

Edinburgh,75-76,124-26,134-55. See also University of Edinburgh

Edinburgh Society,137

Effen,Justus van,80

Emmet,Robert,247,250

England:almanacs in,41;divinenature relationship in,3;responses in,to revolution,237-45;sociability in,26;temporality in,46,48-52. See also Glorious Revolution

enlightened absolutism,258

Enlightenment:Catholic,178;French,89-123;German,157-74,178-203;High,103,178-203;Industrial,77;Italian,204-32,260;Jewish,189;legacies of,263;Milanese,224;moderate,67-70,126,132-34;Scottish,77,124-56,250-51;secular spirit of,1-5,66-88;in 1790s,233-62;Viennese,173-78

enthusiasm,religious,24-25,69,101,132-33,156

Epictetus,243-44

episcopalians,125-28. See also Anglicans

equality/inequality,100,137,142-43,174,186-87,221-22,227-28,250

Eugene of Savoy,27,29

Europe,imperialism of,9-12

Evelyn,John,52-53,57

Evelyn,Mary,53-54

evolution,43-44

Federalists,255

Ferdinand Ⅳ,King of Naples,218,220,222

Ferguson,Adam,130,142-43;The Morality of Stage Plays,134

Filangieri,Gaetano,219-23,264;La scienza della legislazione,215,219-20

Filangieri,Serafino,215

forbidden books,25-26,28,30,87,90,105-13,124. See also censorship

Forster,J.R.,253

fossils,42-44

France,89-123;almanacs in,36,41;censorship in,89-90,298n1;as context for Enlightenment ideas,90-91;exile of Protestants from,47,92-93;freemasonry in,121-22;secular vs.religious sentiments in,4-5,24-25;sociability in,22-23;temporality in,37-38,47;universities in,102. See also French Revolution

Francis Ⅱ,Emperor of Austria,259

Francke,August,168,170

Franklin,Benjamin,15,87,122,221,232,252-53,263,264

Frederick Ⅲ,Elector of Brandenburg,168

Frederick the Great,King of Prussia,31,174,180

Frederick William Ⅰ,King of Prussia,169-70

freedom,98-99,139,196

freemasonry:in Austria,175-77;ceremonies of,4;cosmopolitanism of,23,84-85,122-23;in Dutch Republic,26,262;in France,22-23,105,121-23;Franklin and,252-53;and French Revolution,155;in Germany,174,174;and governance,185-87,221;Herder and,84-85,187;influence of,in United States,252-54;in Italy,219,221-22;and Knights Templar,181;Lessing and,84-85,185-87;in Scotland,137;sociability in,23-24,84-85,122-23;spread of,22-23,82,121;suspicions of,22-23,121-22,176-77

freethinking,20,24,78-79,92,166-67,180

free will,169-70

French prophets,24

French Revolution,37-38,76,84,86-87,113,118,121,154-56,171,177,187,201,220,233-34,236-38,240-42,244-46,248,251-52,256-58,260,261

Fréret,Nicolas,Lettre de Thrasybule à Leucippe,110-11

Furly,Benjamin,164

Gaime,Jean-Claude,117

Galiani,Celestino,206-7,214-15

Galiani,Ferdinando,216-19;Della Moneta(On Money),216-17;Dialogues on the Grain Trade,218

Galileo Galilei,32,190,206

Galoche,Antoine,21

Gassendi,Pierre,205

Gay,Peter,5,68

Genovesi,Antonio,214-15,218,223,227

geology,154

German Idealism,202

Germany,157-74,178-203;Catholic Church in,158;as context for Enlightenment ideas,159;divinenature relationship in,3;High Enlightenment in,178-203;Protestantism in,158;public sphere in,171-73;publishing in,11;responses in,to revolution,256-60;secular vs.religious sentiments in,4;sociability in,26;territories of,157-58;universities in,26,159-60,169-70

Giannone,Pietro,208-9,211,223

Glasgow,75-77,124,126,135,147. See also University of Glasgow

Glorious Revolution,63,125,127,254

God:Australians’ beliefs about,29;characteristics of,71;existence of,108,140-41,190;as Grand Architect,7,122;Hume on,140-41;Leibniz on,159;nature in relation to,3,32,92,103,131;Rousseau and,116;and space,32

Godwin,William,238-40;Enquiry Concerning Political Justice,238-39

Goethe,Johann Wolfgang von,178,182,191,256,257;The Sorrows of Young Werther,82

Goeze,Johann Melchior,171,184

Gottsched,Johann,67

Gottsched,Luise,67

Grand Lodge of the Constitutional Whigs,254

gravity,13

Greek and Roman culture,6-7,68-69,83,142

Gregory,David,129,130,207

Grimm,Friedrich Melchior,217-18,244

Grotius,Hugo,8,120

Gueudeville,Nicolas,91

habeas corpus,245

Hales,Steven,219

Haller,Albrecht von,67

Hamann,Johann,202

Hamilton,Janet,128

Haren,Onno Zwier van,Agon,Sultan van Bantam,261

Hartley,David,253

haskalah(Jewish Enlightenment),189

Haydn,Joseph,174

Hays,Mary,238,243

Hegel,Georg,178,197

Helvétius,Claude Adrien,45,67,103,122,217,243,244

Hennepin,Louis,27

Henry Ⅷ,King of England,223

Herder,Johann Gottfried von,3,10,26,82-87,166,178,185,187-88,191,192-99,263;God,Some Conversations,198;Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind,199

heresy,79-80,90,99-100,117,128,132,166,183

High Enlightenment,103,178-203

Histoire du Prince Apprius,28

history:Herder’s conception of,195-97;stadial models of,74,77,139,141-42,145,151,153,200

Hobbes,Thomas,7,10,39-40,45,64,105,119,143,144,162,167,189,207,209,226,261

Hogarth,William,Gin Lane,15,17

Holy Roman Empire,158

Holy Shroud of Christ,208

homosexuality,19,20,28,99,117,240,246,248-49

Horne,George,141

Houdon,Jean-Antoine,86

Huguenots,47,92-93,100-101,105

human nature,98,110,115,144,161

Humbert,Pierre,94

Hume,David,100,128,130,131,133-34,136-41,144-45,154,156,200,251;Dialogues concerning Natural Religion,140-41;“An Historical Essay on Chivalry and Modern Honour,”136-37

Hutcheson,Francis,143-45

Hutchinson,John,143

Hutton,James,150,154

Huygens,Christiaan,46,47

Huygens,Constantijn,46

Huygens,Constantijn,Jr.,47,63-65,78

Huygens,Tiens,65

idealism,197,202

Illuminati,155,176,256-57

imperialism,9-12,100,196-97,202,221

Index of Forbidden Books(Catholic Church),87,106-7,113,209,223

industry. See commerce and industry

inequality. See equality/inequality

Inquisition,18,30,89,106,117,204-7,209,211,223

Ireland,26,201,247,249-50

Italy,204-32

Jackson,Thomas,246

Jacobi,Friedrich,183,190-91

Jacobins,156,220,245,246,259-60. See also anti-Jacobins

Jacobites,23,127,128-30,156

James Ⅵ,King of Scotland,125

Jansen,Sue Curry,298n1

Jansenism,24-25,90-91,293n90

Jardine,George,246

Jefferson,Thomas,10,32,122,123,154,232,235-36,235,243-44,251,253,255-56,263

Jesuits,102-3,204-5,218

Jesus,19,21,69,88,92,116,127,131,163

Jews,112,181-82,188-89,191

Joan of Arc,111

Johnson,Samuel,72

Joseph Ⅱ,Emperor of Austria,27,173-76,189,224,258-59

Journal für Freymaurer,174

Kames,Henry Home,Lord,153-54

Kant,Immanuel,10,26,51,83,167,171,178,192,193,198-202,251;Critique of Pure Reason,202;Idea for a Universal History with Cosmopolitan Intent,201;Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime,200;“What is the Enlightenment?,”201

Kaunitz,Wenzel,Prince,224,231,258

Keill,John,129

Knights Templar,181,186

Kotzebue,Augustus von,242

Kracauer,Siegfried,289n42

Labat,Jean Baptiste,27

labor,productivity of,146-48

Lafitau,Joseph,27

Lange,Joachim,170

language,194

La-Roque,Jean,27

Lavoisier,Antoine,151

law,226,232

Leibniz,Gottfried Wilhelm,32,102,104,159,167,169,171-72,188,192,197,202,206

Leon,Gottlieb von,175

Leopold Ⅱ,Emperor of Austria,259

Lessing,Gotthold Ephraim,26,171,172,173,178-88,190-91,194,197,263;Emilia Galotti,180;Ernst und Falk,84-85,185-87;Die Juden,181;Leibniz on Eternal Punishments,182;Miss Sara Sampson,179-80;Nathan der Weise,181-82,184

Levier,Charles,92

literacy,29-30,173

Lithuania,30

Locke John,7,30,32,34,119,159,161,162,167,202,215,261,264;Essay Concerning Human Understanding,90

Lodge of the Nine Sisters,87,252

London,15,17,20

London Corresponding Society,236

Louis ⅩⅣ,King of France,24,45,47,90,91,93

Louis ⅩⅤ,King of France,22

Luther,Martin,184

Lutheranism,158-60,169,171,178

MacDonald clan,127

Machiavelli,Niccolò,20,105

Maclaurin,Colin,129

Maillet,Benoît de,43;Telliamed,70

Malthus,Thomas,146

Marat,Jean Paul,261

Marchand,Prosper,91,92,164-65

Maria Theresa,Queen of Austria,173,224,226,258

Marie Antoinette,Queen of France,260

marriage,239,240

Marshall,John,5

Marx,Karl,105,178,197

masonic lodges. See freemasonry

materialism:in France,103-5,108-11,198;Herder and,194-95;Holbach and,108-10;and human nature,109-10;Marx and,197;Newtonian science and,103-5;opposition to,45,103-4;106,189,205-6;physicotheology vs.,7;Radicati and,212;Rousseau and,115-16;scientific theories based on,31;secularism associated with,44-45;in 1790s,243-44;and time,37,44-45;Toland and,103,109,116,131

mathematics,7,83,130,145,159,168-69

Maupertuis,Pierre-Louis Moreau de,104,188

medicine,130

Mendelssohn,Moses,168,172,178,180-83,188-91;To the Friends of Lessing,189-90;Jerusalem,188-89;Morning Hours,189

Mercier,Louis-Sebastien,113,115;Discours sur l’apocalipse l’an 2440,112-13

Methodism,69

Milan,157,223-32

Millar,John,246

millenarianism,24,35,43

Minerva(journal),257

Mirabeau,Honoré Gabriel Riqueti,comte de,186

miracles,111,184

Moderns,204-6

Moerloose,Isabella de,78-80,264

Mohammed,19,21,92,163

monarchies,9,10

Monatsgespräche(journal);160

money,10,147-48,216-17

Monro,John,130

Montesquieu,Charles-Louis de Secondat,Baron de la Brède,30,84,86,93,96-101,104,122,138,142,200,225,238,254;Persian Letters,96-97,211

Moore,Thomas,247-48,249

morality:Hutcheson on,144-45;materialist approach to,108-10;Newtonian science as model for,144-45;secular approach to;76

moral weeklies,172

Morellet,André,217-18

Morganwg,Iolo(Edward Williams),2-45

Moses,19,21,92,163,212

Mozart,Wolfgang Amadeus,174,175-78,214;The Magic Flute,177-78

Müller,Johann,163

Muratori,Antonio,27

Muratori,Ludovico,210-11,215-16,227

music,173-74

Nantes,edict of(1685),47

Naples,157,204-7,209,211,213-23,233,260

Napoleon Bonaparte,234,260

natural religion,71-72,111,113,115-16,125,253

nature:design in,140-41;God in relation to,3,32,92,103,131;Herder’s conception of,195-98;Rousseau and,118-19

Necker,Jacques,85

Necker,Suzanne(née Curchod),85-86,217

Nelson,Horatio,222,260

Newton,Isaac,and Newtonian prin-ciples,7,8,45;Dutch Republic and,81;Germany and,159,167,171,190,199;Italy and,206-7,214-16;and materialism,97,103-5,109,116,131;and mathematics,171;and moral philosophy,144-45;and optics,206;philosophes and,102,129;and religion,24,34-35,50-51;religious suspicions of,102-3,130;Scotland and,130-31,151;and space,15,24,32;and time,34-35,40,50-51,56-57;Voltaire and,101-2

Niccolini,Antonio,207

Nicolai,Friedrich,173,178

Nollet,Jean,219

Nouveau Voyage de la terre austral,28

The Oeconomy of Human Life(also known as Le Philosophe Indien)[Dodsley?],70-72

Oldenbarnevelt,Johan van,65

optics,206

original sin,125,161

Orleans,duc d’,93

Paine,Thomas,236,245,251,253;The Rights of Man,259

Palmer,Elihu,252

pantheism,21,103,131,190-92,194-95,198,212

papacy,23-25,96-101,177,208,211

Paris,19,21-22,24,90-91

Parlement of Paris,37

Parny,Évariste,86-88;War of the Gods(La Guerre des Dieux),87-88

Peale,Rembrandt,Thomas Jefferson,235

pendulum clocks,46

Penn,William,221

Pepys,Samuel,63

Pezzl,Johann,Faustin,175-76

Le Philosophe(anonymous),107-8

philosophes:Austria and,176;criticisms of,84,188;on equality,100;and freemasonry,122;and French Revolution,121,155;and Jews,112;origin of name,107-8;patronage of,26;principles of,134;and religion,110,166;and science,102;Scottish,143;secular theories of,31;urban habitat of,18

physico-theology,7,71,171,207

Picart,Bernard,31,91,95,101,164-65;depiction of sociability,16;depiction of torture,229;Religious Ceremonies of the World,s,13,14,95

Pietism,158,159,169

Pitcairne;Archibald,130,167

Plumptre,Anne,238,242,244

Poland,30,120

political economy,223-24,230-32

Political Economy Club,150

politics:active engagement in;107-8;in Dutch Republic,81;freema-sonry and,185-87;Montesquieu on,98-101;Rousseau and,119-21;Scottish Enlightenment and,132;secular approaches to,7-9,31,85;temporality transformed by,37

Pope,Alexander,188

pornography,21,28,65,104,111

poverty,68-69,245

predestination,51,125,143

presbyterianism,125-31,134,143,156

Price,Richard,237,253,255

price controls,224

Priestley,Joseph,155,194,235,238-39,243,253

progress,31,73,76-77,80,113,138-41,147,151,153,156

property,9,119

Protestant Reformation,34

Protestants/Protestantism:conducive to Enlightenment thought,52;exile of,from France,47,92-93;in Germany,158;in Scotland,126-28;and time/temporality,34-36,48-62

Proteus Echo(journal),18

public sphere,15,18,26,171-72,264

publishing. See books and publishing

Pufendorf,Samuel von,209

punctuality,60-63

punishment,99,225-30

Puritans,49,51,58

Quakerism,93,100,101

quietism,90,206

Rabelais,François,105

race and racism,100,139,200-202

Radicati di Passerano,Alberto;211-13;Christianity Set in a True Light,211-12;Dissertation upon Death,212;True Light,212

Ravel,Maurice,87

Raynal,Guillaume Thomas François,10,100

reason,161-62,188-90,194

Reid,Thomas,246

Reimarus,Elise,183-84,192

Reimarus,Hermann Samuel,25;“On the Toleration of the Deists,” 183-84

relativism,97

religion:challenges to authority of,8-9,11-12,19,21-23,32,79-81,90,96-97,106-7,111,112,127,166,184,265;Enlightenment in relation to,1-4;freemasonry and,122;Hume on,140-41;natural,71-72,111,113,115-16,125,253;relativism in,97;science and,7,24;secular approach to study of,5;the secular realm distinguished from,39-40;spatial discoveries’effect on,6,12-13;Voltaire on,101-2

Renaissance,105

republicanism,30

Restoration(England),52

revelation,161,184

Revolution(1688-89). See Glorious Revolution

revolutions,31,81,201,222,233,236,264. See also American Revolution;French Revolution

Rey,Marc Michel,92

Richardson,Samuel,Clarissa,179

Robertson,William,Reasons of Dissent,132

Robinson,Mary,238

Robison,John,153,155,257

Roche,Daniel,5

Roman civilization. See Greek and Roman culture

Romanticism,234,239

Rome,208

Rousseau,Jean-Jacques,10,31,68,90,92,113,114,115-21,188,197,217,225,227,230,243,254,264;Confessions,115,117;Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts,138;Emile,or Education,115-17;La Nouvelle Héloïse,82;and politics,113;The Social Contract,113,116-17,119,259

Rousset de Missy,Jean,81,91,92,164,264

Royal Academy of Sciences(Berlin),172

Royal Society of London,246

Rush,Benjamin,141,232

Russia,22-23,82

Ryder,Joseph,58-59

saints,35-38

Schiller,Friedrich,178,257

Schlegel,Johann,173

Schmidt,J.Lorenz,183

Scholasticism,160,205-6

science:Christianity and,7;Italian resistance to,204-6;and materialism,103-5;Newtonian,15,24,101-4,129-30,144-45,190,199,206-7,214-16;philosophes and,102;religion and,7,24;in Scotland,129-30

Scotland,124-56;as context for Enlightenment ideas,124-28;issues debated in,135-36,138;Protestantism in,126-29;religious vs. secular sentiments in,132-35;responses in,to revolution,245-47;temporality in,36;universities in,75,125,129-34,153. See also Glorious Revolution

Scottish Enlightenment,77,124-56,250-51

secularism:emergence of,39-42;Enlightenment expansion of,1-5;life according to,63-88;materialism associated with,44-45;meanings of,39

Select Society,129-32,135-38,141

the self:in revolutionary/reform periods,234;and time/temporality,50-58

sexuality,28-29,63,65,78-80,97,104,117-18,203,240,248. See also homosexuality

s’Gravesande,Willem Jacob,81,207

Sheridan,Richard Brinsley,School for Scandal,62

Simon,Richard,64

skepticism,140-42

slavery,9,31,72,76,87,90,93,100,113,144,196,221,232,240,245,251,255

Smith,Adam,74,103,126,128,129-31,133,143-50,152-54,156,239;The Wealth of Nations,126,147,148

Smith,Charlotte,238,240-41,244

sociability,15,16,18-20,19,22,26,188,264

socialists,227,239

Society for Belles Lettres,138

Society of 13,253

Socinians,101-2,162

Socinus,Faustus,64

Socrates,116

Solander,Daniel,253

songs,173-74

Sorbonne University,34

Southey,Robert,76,237,238,240,243,248

Southwell,Robert,54

space,6-32;above the earth,13,15;as empty,15,32;freemasons and,22-23;God and,32;Herder’s conception of,195-96;imperialism and,9-12;politics and,7-9;travel and,27-29;urban,15-31

Spain,10-11,82

The Spectator(journal),17,80,85,172

Spinelli family,213

Spinoza,Baruch,3,8,64,71,79-81,91,103-4,162,166,167,169,180,183,185,189-92,194,197-98,207,209,261

stadial models of history,74,77,139,141-42,145,151,153,200

Staël,Germaine de,85

Stamp Act crisis,254

the state:economic role of,148-49;political role of,9,84-85,119-20,186-89,199-200;religion in relation to,161

steam engine,33,75,147,150-52

Stockdorff(widow),26,106-13,178

Stuart,James,253

suicide,212

superstition,73,99,112,113,140,150,151,158,166,172,176,186,244

Symbolum sapientiae(Symbol of Wisdom)[anonymous],166-67

Tanucci,Bernardo,219

Tavernier,Jean Baptiste,27

Taylor,Jeremy,58

technology,of time,45-48,54

the Terror,113,156,201,234,240,242

theater,173

theism,116,169,190-91

Thelwall,John,238,241,243

Thérèse philosophe(anonymous),104,107

Thirty Years War(1618-48),158

Thomasius,Christian,160-62,168

Thoresby,Ralph,54

time and temporality,33-65;as absolute,50-51,56-57,59;age of the earth,34,42-44,48,154,247;almanacs and,35-42,57;anxieties concerning,52-61;Christian,34-37;Herder’s conception of,195-96;materialism and,44-45;Protestants and,34-36,48-62;punctuality,60-63;religious vs. secular senses of,49-60;secularization of,37-38,41,43-44,49-52;self in relation to,50-58;seventeenth-century sense of,33-34;technology of,45-48,54;use of,43-44,53-61

Tindal,Matthew,184

Toland,John,27,31,45,79,92,109,116,127,130-31,163,184,189,207,212;Christianity not Mysterious,131;Letters to Serena,103

tolerance/toleration:in Austria,175;in England,127;freemasons and,23;French opposition to,90;science and,7;in Scotland,127-28,134

Tone,Theobald Wolfe,249-50

torture,226,228-29,229,258

Le Traité des trois imposteurs(The Treatise on the Three Impostors),21,92,105,163-66

travel and travel literature,10,27-29,72-74,82-83,142,193-94,217

Treaty of Westphalia(1648),158,160

Turin,208

Turner,Thomas,60

Unitarians,101-2,263-64

United Irishmen,247,249-50

United States:Constitution of,99,221;Enlightenment legacies in,264;imperialism of,9-12;responses in,to revolution,251-52;in 1790s,250-56;slavery in,221,251,255;temporality in,38-39. See also American Revolution

universities:in France,102;in Germany,26,159-60,169-70;in Italy,208,213-19;in Scotland,75,125,129-34,153

University of Edinburgh,129,131,151

University of Glasgow,126,143-44,245-46

University of Halle,168-69

University of Naples,213-15

utopianism,171,227,239

utopian literature,112-13

utopian travel literature,29

Vanini,Lucilio(pen name:Giulio Cesare Vanini),64,79,165-66

Vaughan,Benjamin,253

Venice,205,209-11

Venturi,Franco,5

Verri,Pietro,224-25,227,230-32

Victor Amadeus Ⅱ,King of Sicily and Sardinia,211

Vienna,173-78

Volney,236

Voltaire,21,26,31,38,43,72,86,101-3,106,110-12,122,150,173,190,236,264;Candide,175;Lettres philo-sophiques,101;La pucelle d’Orleans,111;Sermon des cinquante,111,112

Vries,Simon de,40

Wales,245

Warwick,Mary Rich,Lady,55-57

watches,46-47,54

Watt,Gregory,76,245-46,249

Watt,James,147,150-52,155,241

Watt,James,Jr.,241-42,246

wealth,149

Wedgwood,Josiah,241,253

Wedgwood,Josiah,Jr.,241-42

Weisse,Christian,Jean Calas,173

Whig party,125-26,128,130,132,143,156

Whitehead,Paul,The Manners,A Satire,72

Whitehurst,John,253

Wilkes,John,15

William Ⅲ(William the Orange),King of England and Scotland,64,65,125,127

Williams,David,253

Windham,William,60-61

Wolff,Christian,167-71,173,180,188

Wollstonecraft,Mary,240

women:in Dutch science,81;in Enlightenment circles,85-86,183,217,219;and freemasonry,122;journals intended for,172;Kant’s views on,201;Scottish Enlightenment and,136-38;secular lives of,85-86;status of,97-98,136-38,240

Wordsworth,William,76,238,240

worldliness,63-88

Wyndham,Henry Penruddocke,67-70,137

Yorke,Henry,244

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